Everyone who has driven recently probably has seen a truck of some sort on the road and thought nothing of it. If someone saw the vehicles on this list, on the other hand, we guarantee they would be telling stories about it nonstop when they reached their destination. We have collected strange & unusual trucks from all over the world; we have concept, custom, and giant/small vehicles that are absolutely wild. We hope you are ready because things are about to get a lot more exciting when you scroll on.
This truck is cool until you’re the one that drives up behind it and thing you’ve accidentally pulled into oncoming traffic. We have a lot of questions about this truck. Are there two engines? Can you drive the other side? Which side would win in a tug-o-war?
A Whole Lot Of Low Rider
Here’s a truck you don’t see everyday. This lowrider is something else. With eight wheels and zero ground clearance, we’ve never seen anything like it. This truck would be tough to get in and out of but it is pretty interesting.
American As Apple Pie
The owner of this big truck is definitely proud to be an American as he pumps gas. This guy is taking red, white, and blue to the max and he seems to be nothing but proud about it…as he should be. We’d like to think this guy is loading down the bed with fresh bait and cold beer for a weekend at the lake. But who knows, he could just be heading into the office.
Wall Rider
This story is great. Here’s the deal – this is an art installation. It was created by an artist named Erwin Wurm who likes to play with the minds of the public. So he created this awesome Mercedes truck installation where it looks like the truck ran out of space to back up and went straight up the wall instead.
Cadillac Truck Conversion
Incorporating the tail fins from a 1950s-era Cadillac, the smokestack of a modern-day semi truck, the cab of delivery truck and the front end of a glorified bicycle – and you have this piece of pure Americana. The only thing weirder than this one is the next one…
Cool GMC Sleeper
This GMC is a sigh for sore eyes. Or possibly a sore sight for eyes, depending on your preference. Although it’s a busy truck – it looks to be in pristine shape. It’s like the owner wanted all the space and sleep ability of a semi truck, but without any of the hauling ability. Just the tiny little truck bed in the back is all we need!
Backwards Truck
What in the inside-out, upside-down is going on here? This crazy truck with the cab in the back and the bed up front is throwing us for a loop, and to be honest…we want more of it!
Russian Snow Blower
This truck may look ridiculous, but it actually serves an essential purpose. The tank-like cannon you see is a MiG-15 or MiG-17 radial compressor engine with a long jet exhaust, and drivers use it to get rid of snow and ice. Trucks like these you only see in Russia.
Real Lego Truck
Legos are already quite pricey. Have you looked at the cost of the Lego Death Star from Star Wars? We could not imagine what a life-size functional truck would cost. Guess we will have to liquidate our savings.
Vintage VIP On The Go
Honestly, curiosity has gotten the best of me and I really want to know what the experience of sleeping in the Mobile Cabin Truck for a night would be like. I wonder if he even has enough room for a bed to sleep on. Either way this is ridiculous, but the dedication is commendable.
Cantilevered Tow Truck
Here’s a truck that looks like it’s magically floating. It’s not, but it is used to move float planes. This float plane mover is actually pretty genius. These are often homemade out of used cars.
The Ultimate Super Duty Ford
I finally found the truck I will never use to take on a road trip. Now, I’ll hand it to this guy, he did a good job of making sure the colors matched, but let’s be honest, the frame on this Ford Superduty is going to start sagging in the middle before he makes it out of Illinois.
8-Wheeled Monster Truck
I’ll give you one guess as the where this monster truck was created and before you guess the answer is absolutely South Georgia. What a unit!
Lifted Boat Truck
This is an interesting use for a boat. Who needs water, put some wheels on it. Right now, I’m picturing this ridiculous truck driving towards a lake at about 45 miles per hour, and inside the boat cabin, there’s a switch.
Upside Down Truck
Rick Sullivan owns a collision center in Illinois. After seeing a flipped car, he came up with the idea for this custom mod. He used a 1991 Ford Ranger and a 1995 F-150 plus an additional four wheels in the air for the upside-down vehicle. Oh, and the upside-down truck is road-legal. Sullivan says it takes other drivers a second look to realize their eyes aren’t deceiving them.
Cab Over Monster Truck
The tires are bigger than the cab! What in the world is this truck used for!?
Tim Hortons Donut Truck
If anyone has been to Canada, they have heard of the Tim Hortons restaurant chain. The company clearly conceived this truck for promotional purposes, and we say it is working. We wouldn’t mind taking a bite out of those tires.
VW Dwarf Truck
This is a custom 1960 Volkswagen truck called the ‘VW DWARF.’ If someone needed to save space while maintaining a truck bed, we see why someone would do this. As for the plastic fire, we do not see much practicality.
R2-D2 Truck
This truck must be from a galaxy far, far away. The vehicle looks like a VW pickup truck wheelstander. We wonder how well this would do in drag racing, erm, we mean pod racing.
Super Stretch Chevy Truck
We don’t have words to describe this one. If you are desperate to drive a limousine, you can always just make one as this person did on a truck chassis. However, we question the safety behind the decision.
One Seat Hauler
It’s so cute isn’t it! This itty bitty truck is quite the hauler – as long as you don’t need to move anything more than a single chair, or perhaps one laundry basket.
Hot Tub Truck
Arrive in style, and soaked. We can’t think of a single good use for this hot tub old-school car other than a hilarious photo op. But hey, maybe that’s all you need! And listen, we know this one isn’t a truck. But we had to show you. Back to the wildest trucks on the road.
5 Teen Wheeler
How many wheels does this truck have? The one in the front is quite interesting. Anyway, if anyone wants a vehicle that looks like a mini semi-truck with a tricycle wheel, we believe this custom is from Germany. Looking at it again, it might be a decked-out Vespacar.
GMC Centaur
This 1988 concept car is called the GMC Centaur. GMC’s idea behind this vehicle was to mix pickup trucks with a car’s comfort. In the marketing, they said, “It’s not just a truck anymore.” To us, it almost looks like a minivan with a truck bed thrown on the back. But hey, with a 5,000 towing capacity, we won’t make a big deal about its styling.
GMC Rat Rod
This is a severely modded first-generation GMC K series truck. The creator tried to lose as much weight on this vehicle as possible for more performance. For instance, the creator got rid of the truck’s bed. Another thing he added was a big diesel engine, giant dual rear wheels, and a beer keg as a fuel tank.
Ford Mustang Ranger
Ford Ranger and Mustang fans get prepared. Have you ever wondered what these two beasts would look like combined? No. Well, we will show you anyway. Hey, it’s not the prettiest thing ever, but you got to admit the body looks clean.
Red Boot Truck
Has anyone told you to put on your shoes and go outside and get some exercise? We think driving a boot-shaped truck should count. But seriously, we wonder about the reasoning behind this design. Perhaps they are advertising a shoe repair shop or something.
Astro Van Truck Conversion
Are you ready for another custom truck/deck van? We admit it is not the most elegant of custom vehicles. However, when something needs to get moved, we all would not hesitate to use it given the opportunity.
Gigantic Caterpillar
This Caterpillar is a large wheel loader, emphasis on large wheel. It’s designed for big jobs, and it’s got the hardware to tackle nearly any job big enough. The tires are 12 feet in diameter, over four and a half feet wide, and cost an insane $89,000 per tire. That is right. That is not a typo. It is a Firestone product and runs nearly $360,000 for a set of tires!
This Dodge Goes Both Ways
Imagine driving down the street and you see this truck. Here’s another hilarious two-sided truck. If you love this truck, you’ll love what’s coming. We saved the best for last and the next post is even cooler. Let’s keep moving down the highway!
Strange Silverados
A lot of people want a Chevy Silverado. Would you want either of these 2? They still drive just as good. If you love this truck, you’ll love what’s coming. We saved the best for last and the next post is even cooler. Let’s keep moving down the highway!
Bollinger Beauty
Straight from the CEO himself, “The Bollinger B2 Chassis Cab’s unique features – including the 5,000-lb (2,268-kg) payload and large energy source to power tools – make it perfect for businesses, small and large.” If you love this truck, you’ll love what’s coming. We saved the best for last and the next post is even cooler. Let’s keep moving down the highway!
Tow Tug
This Western Cartage Inc. tow tug serves a very specific purpose…but it sure is odd-looking. It’s balancing perfectly on two tires, right? Wrong – there’s a third tire just outside your eyesight. But nonetheless… a pretty unusual truck.
The Head Scratcher
We really just don’t know how else to refer to this truck other than a pregnant roller skate. It’s truly wild. If you love this truck, you’ll love what’s coming. We saved the best for last and the next post is even cooler. Let’s keep moving down the highway!
Earth Mover
So there’s big trucks…and then there’s big trucks . Nothing will humble a mere cargo truck like strolling past one of the heavy lifters. If you love this truck, you’ll love what’s coming. We saved the best for last and the next post is even cooler. Let’s keep moving down the highway!
Mad Max Power Wagon
This is the coolest wrecker we’ve ever seen. That looks like the hood of a 1946 Dodge Power Wagon. If we needed to be picked up by a wrecker, this would be the one. We have to give serious respect to the designer. This truck is awesome!
All Jacked Up
Can you imagine this elite off-roader pulling up to your high school with your dad in the front seat, ready to pick you up/embarrass you in front of your friends? We can. And we sure wish we did because this unusual truck is sick! Honestly, this rustic yellow is the perfect color too.
Sherpa ATV
Go anywhere, sleep anywhere, climb anything. The Sherpa ATV has such massive tires, that loading in and out of the side like, you know, with regular doors isn’t even an option! The doors are at the front and the back of the vehicle.
Custom BMW M3 Truck
All the luxury and class of a BMW 3 series coupe combined with the functionality of a homemade pickup truck. This is one of the oddest trucks we’ve seen – but if you think we wouldn’t drive this ourselves then you’re crazy! If you love this truck, you’ll love what’s coming. We saved the best for last and the next post is even cooler. Let’s keep moving down the highway!
Mini Mogger
For the life of us, we can’t figure out what truck this is. So if you know, drop us a line. But it’s got the boxy, utilitarian feel of a German work truck that’s been done over in a custom shop, It’s a nice looking truck. If you love this truck, you’ll love what’s coming. We saved the best for last and the next post is even cooler. Let’s keep moving down the highway!
Super Stretch Sierra
What a truck! Made from who knows how many different parts of who knows how many different vehicles, this bad boy certainly is one of a kind! If you love this truck, you’ll love what’s coming. We saved the best for last and the next post is even cooler. Let’s keep moving down the highway!
Mini Mazda Truck
As evidenced by the 2017 Ford F-150 shown here, pickup trucks are a lot bigger today than they used to be. Especially when you’re comparing to a Mazda Rotary pickup. One of the smallest, maybe ever. This photo is an exercise in contrast, is it not?
The Sick 50
This truck is named Sick 50, and believe me, this old school 1950 Chevy keeps true to its name. It comes with a 540 blower motor that sounds pristine, giving the needed torque for a deep mud bogging experience.
Extended, Extended Cab
Extended cab edition. Extended bed edition. Extended vehicle edition. It’s all extended, baby. If you love this truck, you’ll love what’s coming. We saved the best for last and the next post is even cooler. Let’s keep moving down the highway!
John Deere TruckCycle
Here is some kind of tricycle truck with a John Deere paint job. We’d actually love to take this for a spin. Who would modify their car like this and why? These are the questions that keep us up at night. We’re not against doing this. Just curious why you would.
Texast Truck Rod
Don’t mess with Texas. Or this gnarly truck. The exposed engine is intimidating enough, but when you take a good long look at the spears on the wheels – this unusual truck takes a wild turn. Love it! If you love this truck, you’ll love what’s coming. We saved the best for last and the next post is even cooler. Let’s keep moving down the highway!
Dodge Concept
Not only is this a real truck produced by Dodge in the 1960s, but there is a rumor of a 2022 Dodge Deora coming back into production. More than a rumor, in fact. It’s underway! Keep your eyes peeled on this wild ride, because it’s poised to make a comeback.
Impala Truck Conversion
Well, in what is clearly a custom job by some talented folks with too much time on their hands – this Chevy Impala Pickup Crossover is truly something to behold. The bed and rear end of an Impala, the cab of who knows what and the front end of your guess is as good as mine. What a truck!
The Titan
Terex is a division of General Motors, and they hit pay dirt when they created The Titan. The Terex 33-19 “Titan” was a prototype off-highway, ultra class, rigid frame, three-axle, diesel/AC electric powertrain haul truck. If you love this truck, you’ll love what’s coming. We saved the best for last and the next post is even cooler. Let’s keep moving down the highway!
Lifted VW Bus
All the comforts of an Volkswagen Bus with all the views of a second-story bedroom. This crazy truck is meant to traverse some crazy woodland roads without sacrificing space and the excitement of living on the road!
Triple Threat
So the idea here is twofold: one – the three-wheeled axis up front gives unprecedented traction on rugged terrain. And two – the traditional two tires are able to lift up and the third wheel can move freely to parallel park into the tightest spots. Seems like a very unique and non-necessary car mod but hey, we’re here for it.
The Bus Bog
What do you get when you take an old military cargo truck and combine it with a well-used old school bus? Probably the creepiest van/truck that’s ever driven by a schoolyard in automotive history. Kind of cool though, isn’t it?
Float Plane Tow Truck
Just like The Floater in the previous photo, this sawed-off tug truck is being put to good use – even late in life. I always wondered how boat-planes got out of the water! If you love this truck, you’ll love what’s coming. We saved the best for last and the next post is even cooler. Let’s keep moving down the highway!
Do We Need Bigger Tires?
Yes! This is what we’re talking about. This is what ridiculous big truck dreams are made of! This 1975 Ford has been upgraded with huge tires to take on the world. When your tires account for about half of your entire trucks body size, that’s when you know you have one sure-fire ridiculous truck.
Custom Cab Over
Can you imagine the interior of this wild, custom-made truck? If the exterior is anything to note, the inside probably has strobe lights and a dancing pole. But that’s for another day… If you love this truck, you’ll love what’s coming. We saved the best for last and the next post is even cooler. Let’s keep moving down the highway!
Burritos In A Blizzard
Well, it’s just your luck because the mammoth burrito food truck can climb the mountain for you, providing that tasty burrito that had been eluding you all day. Then, after you finished off your tasty burrito, you can go back to the slopes.
Bright Side
Haphazardly beautiful, perfectly imperfect – this truck/van sure is a sight for sore eyes. Well, unless your sore eyes have an aversion to neon lights on the exterior of this old ice cream truck. Certainly unusual, that’s for sure!
The Pool Hauler
Ever wanted to play some pool but you realize all of a sudden that you’re driving on a highway and can’t play pool? Oh, o ho ho, no longer! These two sweet trucks take the billiards wherever you go! If you love this truck, you’ll love what’s coming. We saved the best for last and the next post is even cooler. Let’s keep moving down the highway!
The Floater
Using a traditional truck and trailer arrangement is demanding, requiring the driver to look through the rear-view mirror to see their trailer. What the Float Plane Mover does is allow the truck to move a plane higher and lower on a boat ramp into the water.
Ford F-650 Super Custom
What does a famous basketball player like Joe Johnson do with 200,000 dollars? He buys the sickest F650 ever made. With a fuel tank holding 200 gallons it apparently costs 750 dollars to fully fill the tank.
Raptor With Tracks
Imagine it’s a snowy day in the mountains of Colorado, you and your buddies are pretty bored as most of the roads are closed. What’s a man to do in a situation like this? Suddenly it hits you! Outfit that quad of yours for a couple thousand dollars, and take it through the snow like a hot knife through butter.
Ice Cube Truck
This truck is made with over 11,000 pounds of ice, almost enough to freeze my ex-girlfriends heart, and is mounted and attached to a 2005 Chevy Silverado 2500 Heavy Duty. I’ll admit it, the inventive engineers who built this truck deserve massive credit, but this is an igloo with wheels.
6 Wheels Are Better Than 4
What do you get when you combine 6 foot tires, an old lifted Chevy, and a couple beers? An epic burnout of course! This machine is just plain ridiculous, and I’m sure this truck terrifies Prius owners to the core.
The Ultimate Tailgater
The paint may be hideous, and there may be way too many televisions in the bed of the truck, but darn-it this guy is going to tailgate one way or another. If you’re a tailgate enthusiast the owner is probably your best friend, and it isn’t because he likes the same team as you.
Vintage Cab Over
It’s amazing what some can do to create these vehicles. The owner of this truck decided he could upgrade it into a Rat Rod. While it needs a body touch-up, the overall appeal of this ridiculous hot rod is strong. Those wheels look fierce, too!
Chevy Longfoot Truck
Woah! This is the Chevy Longfoot. This truck is ridiculously long, which is why it has landed itself on the list of ridiculous trucks. How long do you think that truck bed is? 12 feet? I mean, imagine the lumber you could haul in that thing.
Stretch SUV
Sometimes some ideas are better left on paper. This is one of those homemade ideas. A combination of two SUVs. Either this guy had too much free time, or the world’s largest family, or both. Perhaps he’s in the business of transporting 12-foot long pieces of lumber.
Shark Truck
Shark Week is my favorite time of year. Witnessing the greatest predator ever created by nature can be both inspiring, and incredibly terrifying at the same time. What better way is there to pay homage to these incredible animals than make your truck into one, too!
Big Truck Tiny Tires
When the owner of this Ford F250 decided to put a lift on his truck he must have known he would need new tires, right? Apparently, that’s not the case because this guy is rolling on what looks to be 18 inch tires for a lift that’s nearly three feet.
The Pacifica
A hippie’s dream, the Pacifica is the ultimate beach cruising pick-up, perfect for holding long-boards and getting chicks attention. This 1962 Ford Econoline has been masterfully restyled by Gene Winfield. The Pacifica is unique because of its asymmetrical design, the driver side has two headlights and taillights, while the passenger side only has one.
Honda T360 Montoculo
This is the Honda T360 Motoculo. It was named “The Snow Crawler”. This may be mean, but it kind of reminds us of when a dog is missing its hind legs and gets attached to one of those basket-scooters. We’re curious to know if this is street-worthy, or only useable off-road?
Escalade Bus
This originally was a Cadillac Escalade, now it’s a bus. It reminds me of the bus from “The Magic School Bus” show. This party bus has definitely got some tricks up it’s sleeve, we’re just not sure what they are. We picture the interior being made of plush purple couches and definitely a disco ball.
Daddy Long Legs
This truck has small tires but is lifted high. And that’s all we have to say about that.
This Truck Kicks Bass
Honestly, the first thing I thought of when I originally saw the Open-Mouth Truck was, “I wonder what this would look like underwater?” Personally, I like to use live bait to catch my fish, but this guy has the right idea.
A Lot Of Faces
Trucks are an extension of people’s style. They are used to convey emotion. Especially this Silverado that’s not just lifted, but has emoji’s all over it. There’s the winky emoji, the tongue-out emoji, the confused emoji, and the angry emoji and so many others!
Dekotora Diesel Truck
This is called the Dekotora Diesel truck. It’s a popular design style in Japan, and someone decided to take the design on the road. We have a sinking feeling that this thing is going to evolve into an Autobot any second. That or a carnival ride is going to pop up out of it’s trailer and turn the whole parking lot into a carnival.
The GMC Of All Kinds
This is a combo of a GMC Van and a Semi-Trailer Truck Cab. How? That’s the first question that comes to mind. Why? Would have to be the next question. How many does this thing fit? Is the follow-up to the first two. And lastly, Who in their right mind?!
Japanese Batmobile
They call this the Japanese Batmobile. It began as a Toyota Van and now is this. The Batman Forever Poster on the side is cool though. This thing has to qualify as an oversized truck, right? I mean, look at the extensions on the front and back bumper, and how tall do those spikes up top go?
Lifted Escalade
This Escalade is sitting high in the sky with its suspension. This truck is refreshing after seeing so many backyard jobs recently. The brand new Escalade is owned by someone who clearly wants a better view of the highway.
Extra Low Rider
This was found at a Fresno Car Show. It’s a Custom Mini sitting low. We promise it used to be a truck. That was back before it got chopped and dropped. But now, it’s just ridiculous. Not as much truck anymore. Oh well, don’t worry the next one is a big ‘ole behemoth, we promise!
Jacked Up Hummer
Like we promised, a monster! This is the Hummer H2 with lifted suspension. Probably not the best decision. But boy doesn’t it look like a good time! The blacked out wheels, body and window are an aggressive touch (as if the monstrosity of size wasn’t aggressive enough).
Custom Black Truck
Here we have a custom one-of-a-kind truck that is a real show-stopper. Every time the driver takes it out for a drive, this wild truck turns heads everywhere.
Low Dump Truck
This was at a Fresno Car Show. The Truck sits low and the cargo bed hops up. There’s clearly been a lot of work put into this old Mitsubishi, since we know that a dump bed isn’t a cheap trick, and neither is the custom paint job.
Dodge Deora Concept
This Dodge Deora Concept is straight out of the 1960s (and maybe Mars). If you love this truck, you’ll love what’s coming. We saved the best for last and the next post is even cooler. Let’s keep moving down the highway!
Keitora Drift Truck
This is a Keitora Drift Truck. Nicknamed the Hello Special, this neon hot pink mini-truck is a specialist at drifting. Not quite sure what the driver is trying to convey with his body language, but he looks excited about it – so we are too.
Liebherr T 282B
What in the name of the largest truck of all time is this!?! This is the Liebherr T 282B, the largest earth-hauling truck in the world designed by Liebherr Mining. Using the word truck in relation to this thing doesn’t even seem like the right thing to do!
Jeep Grand Truckokee
This began as a 1999 Jeep Grand Cherokee. It has been upgraded with all these new mods. And even though the rear tire could definitely use some more air, we are really into this Jeep cross-species. It feels like it would be right at home on both the beach or the forest.
VW Beetle With A Bed
This is the combination of a Volkswagen Beetle and a cargo bed. Seeing ‘Peterbilt’ attached to a Volkswagen is a bit off-putting but we have to admire the ingenuity of the overall truck. It seems as if the original chassis is still intact and that the bed is added to it.
The Cool Bus
Where was this thing when I was a kid? Imagine your eight-year-old self going to school in the School Bus Truck, instead of those regular old yellow school busses. You would be jumping out of bed every morning just to be the first one at the bus stop.
The Rolling Hotel
The Rolling Hotel is a part of a Rotel Tour Group called Das Rollende Hotel. If you love this truck, you’ll love what’s coming. We saved the best for last and the next post is even cooler. Let’s keep moving down the highway!
Suburban on Skinnies
As rough as this truck looks, it is lifted and apparently legal to drive. Are those Nissan Sentra tires? Toyota Camry tires? Bike tires? We would pay good money to watch this truck take a turn at anything over 25 mph! The odds that this thing has never flipped over are not looking too good.
Amphibious LandCruiser
This is a Toyota Land Cruiser with an amphibious upgrade. It can maneuver through land and water. Wait just a minute. We’ve got to see this to believe it! The tubes attached to the tires and other parts of the Land Cruiser seem a little too easy to just be able to go in water.
Telescoping Jeep
This Jeep Highrider Sport has been modified to sit high in the sky. This is really convenient in case you are an electrician who works on light poles in the winter. Because with this bad boy, all you gotta do is sit inside the Jeep and raise yourself up!
Chevrolet On The Ground
This Chevy Silverado is literally scraping the floor. This truck sits very low. The owner must dread speed bumps. No room for error on this thing, better hope he drives on the smoothest of parking lots only. And what’s that utility bar for?
Super Modded Truck
I want to believe that when the owner of this truck drew up his plans for tricking out his semi he had the song “Dancing Queen” by Abba playing on full blast in his house. That is the only acceptable reason why somebody would make their truck into a mobile dancing platform.
Mega Dodge Ram
Normally, when people see a broken down dodge ram they just scrap it for parts, hoping to get some return on investment. However, when Diesel Sellerz sees a broken down dodge they rebuild it into the Mega Ram Runner.
Duck Truck
When duck hunting season comes around, the Quack comes out to play. The Quack is fully stocked with enough ammunition to take out an entire flock, and enough storage to hold the catch. It even comes with a handy compartment for a retriever to lay on when you’re traveling to your favorite hunting ground.
Lifted Ford Limo
Have you ever gone off-roading in a limousine before? I didn’t think so, but the owners of this Ford 4×4 can do something about that. The owners of the Hustler Truck wanted to have the ultimate luxury off-road experience unlike anything available in the world, and they have created the perfect machine for just that.
1958 Jeep FC 170 With Tracks
I like to call this little devil the green apple. Don’t let the name fool you, though. This machine packs a powerful punch and will crush anything you might be keeping in your garage. Daystar fully restored this 1958 Jeep FC 170 Forward Control pick-up truck and added a little flair by putting tracks on it.
The Chevy Whatsitcalled
This Chevy has the grill and headlights of a condensed Trailblazer, the wheelbase and exposed axles of a Plymouth Prowler, the body of like three different vehicles and the convertible top of a 1927 Model T. This thing is truly strange….and we love it! This post originally appeared on Mentertained.